Financial Innovation

Table 11 Mean comparisons of opcode frequencies and t-test results with Cohen’s d effect size

From: Detecting DeFi securities violations from token smart contract code

	Securities violations		Legitimate tokens
Opcode	Mean	St. dev	Mean	St. dev	t-value	p-value	Effect size (Cohen’s d)	CI(95%)
CALLDATASIZE	2.745	4.245	11.387	8.192	−7.210	<0.001	−1.063	[−1.354, −0.772]
LT	9.404	9.124	18.676	14.799	−4.277	<0.001	−0.631	[−0.920, −0.341]
CALLVALUE	17.957	10.449	10.497	13.658	3.720	<0.001	0.549	[0.259, 0.838]
SWAP3	24.723	17.501	37.273	25.214	−3.394	<0.001	−0.500	[−0.790, −0.211]
EXP	36	34.075	17.751	25.187	4.871	<0.001	0.718	[0.428, 1.008]
CALLER	16.851	9.648	11.768	11.244	3.074	0.002	0.453	[0.164, 0.743]
SHR	0.085	0.282	0.818	1.361	−3.688	<0.001	−0.544	[−0.833, −0.254]
NUMBER	0.063	0.323	1.712	2.196	−5.14	<0.001	−0.758	[−1.048, −0.468]
PUSH5	0.362	1.206	2.198	2.908	−4.321	<0.001	−0.637	[−0.927, −0.348]
ADDRESS	1.255	2.982	2.529	3.255	−2.658	0.008	−0.392	[−0.681, −0.103]

Back to article page