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Financial Innovation

Table 2 Mobile used to pay bills online, inequality and women in politics and business

From: Mobile money innovations, income inequality and gender inclusion in sub-Saharan Africa

 

Women in politics

Women in business

 

OLS

Q.10

Q.25

Q.50

Q.75

Q.90

OLS

Q.10

Q.25

Q.50

Q.75

Q.90

Constant

59.048***

45.858***

55.138***

62.586***

64.165***

68.336***

55.409***

29.054***

49.176***

58.473***

63.379***

69.713***

 

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

Gini

 − 0.070***

 − 0.083***

 − 0.095***

 − 0.052***

 − 0.067***

 −  − 0.068***

 − 0.240***

 − 0.113***

 − 0.198***

 − 0.294***

 − 0.242***

 − 0.224***

 

(0.000)

(0.001)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.004)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

Mobpay

0.188***

0.457***

0.192

0.148*

0.013

 − 0.085

 − 0.056

0.083

 − 0.210

 − 0.079

0.016

0.075

 

(0.001)

(0.007)

(0.293)

(0.050)

(0.879)

(0.441)

(0.716)

(0.761)

(0.317)

(0.577)

(0.921)

(0.783)

Gini × Mobpay

0.003***

0.005*

0.004

0.0009

0.002*

0.003*

 − 0.0008

 − 0.0005

0.001

 − 0.002

 − 0.005**

0.002

 

(0.000)

(0.054)

(0.127)

(0.467)

(0.055)

(0.055)

(0.746)

(0.912)

(0.648)

(0.431)

(0.042)

(0.669)

FinInDepth

1.895

6.096**

1.984

2.915**

3.078**

0.004

18.465***

0.739

23.901***

27.289***

24.341***

10.089**

 

(0.194)

(0.036)

(0.528)

(0.025)

(0.039)

(0.998)

(0.000)

(0.875)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.033)

FinInAccess

 − 10.118***

 − 57.639***

 − 2.984

 − 0.339

 − 2.931

 − 4.086*

24.022***

30.304***

30.133***

23.827***

15.423***

24.013***

 

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.430)

(0.828)

(0.102)

(0.075)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

FinInEffic

 −  − 4.755***

4.978**

 − 2.013

 − 7.613***

 − 5.792***

 − 5.211***

11.025***

12.700***

7.795***

11.895***

12.504***

15.998***

 

(0.000)

(0.014)

(0.360)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.002)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

Inflation

0.0007***

0.0009

0.0007

0.0005*

0.0008***

0.002***

 − 0.001***

 − 0.002***

 − 0.002***

 − 0.0008

 − 0.001*

 − 0.001*

 

(0.000)

(0.130)

(0.255)

(0.064)

(0.009)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.003)

(0.007)

(0.104)

(0.093)

(0.096)

Foreign aid

 − 0.022

 − 0.012

0.0003

 − 0.058***

 − 0.053***

 − 0.121***

0.078***

0.148

0.041

0.075***

0.061*

 − 0.052

 

(0.128)

(0.723)

(0.992)

(0.000)

(0.002)

(0.000)

(0.001)

(0.007)

(0.331)

(0.008)

(0.062)

(0.342)

Gov. Exp

0.005

0.023

0.007

 − 0.003

0.011

0.008

0.042**

0.037

0.024

0.052***

0.112***

0.020

 

(0.210)

(0.102)

(0.653)

(0.590)

(0.133)

(0.380)

(0.013)

(0.107)

(0.170)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.387)

GDPg

0.073**

0.003

0.180**

0.093***

0.038

0.031

0.240***

0.051

0.186**

0.217***

0.266***

0.351***

 

(0.021)

(0.957)

(0.021)

(0.004)

(0.294)

(0.499)

(0.000)

(0.661)

(0.037)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.003)

FDI

0.119***

0.110*

0.029

0.076***

0.063**

 − 0.020

0.197***

0.031

0.191**

0.142***

0.385***

0.378***

 

(0.001)

(0.068)

(0.655)

(0.005)

(0.040)

(0.610)

(0.000)

(0.748)

(0.011)

(0.006)

(0.000)

(0.000)

Remit

 − 0.056***

 − 0.019

 − 0.036

 − 0.034***

 − 0.061***

 − 0.067***

 − 0.099***

 − 0.074**

 − 0.106***

 − 0.099***

 − 0.098***

 − 0.134***

 

(0.000)

(0.387)

(0.136)

(0.001)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.040)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

Trade

0.038***

0.038***

0.031**

0.014***

0.049***

0.055***

0.019*

0.062***

0.005

0.006

0.004

0.011

 

(0.000)

(0.002)

(0.020)

(0.007)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.055)

(0.002)

(0.744)

(0.533)

(0.715)

(0.567)

Net effects

 − 0.058

 − 0.064

na

na

 − 0.059

 − 0.056

na

na

na

na

 − 0.260

na

Thresholds

23.333

16.600

na

na

33.500

22.666

na

na

na

na

nsa

na

R2/Pseudo R2

0.140

0.200

0.106

0.087

0.090

0.131

0.345

0.147

0.160

0.260

0.257

0.215

Fisher

34.82***

     

83.19***

     

Observations

1680

1680

1680

1680

1680

1680

1680

1680

1680

1680

1680

1680

  1. R2 for OLS and Pseudo R2 for quantile regression. Lower quantiles (e.g., Q 0.1) signify nations where women in politics and women in business are least
  2. The mean value of the mobile used to pay bills online is 3.718. na: not applicable because at least one estimated coefficient needed for the computation of the net effect and/or threshold is not significant. nsa: not specifically applicable because a negative synergy is apparent. The pseudo R-squared employed is the Koenker and Machado's
  3. OLS Ordinary Least Squares, Gini Income Inequality, MobApp Mobile used to pay bills online, FinInDepth Financial Institutions Depth, FinInAcc Financial Institutions Access, FinInEffic Financial Institutions Efficiency, Gov. Exp Government Expenditure, GDPg Gross Domestic Product growth, FDI Foreign Direct Investment, Remit Remittances
  4. *, **, ***Significance levels of 10%, 5% and 1% respectively
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