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Table 9 Run-time (s) from seven forecasts and eleven FTS

From: Elitist-opposition-based artificial electric field algorithm for higher-order neural network optimization and financial time series forecasting

FTS

EOAEFA-FLN

EOAEFA-PSNN

AEFA-FLN

AEFA-PSNN

GA-FLN

GA-PSNN

BPNN

NASDAQ

107.25

100.55

98.53

93.48

113.27

107.88

167.35

DJIA

105.00

110.02

91.80

92.00

115.24

110.55

177.27

S&P500

99.79

101.00

92.49

92.18

108.50

108.00

171.02

RUSSELL 2000

102.66

101.34

97.80

101.05

109.73

110.00

175.15

BTC/USD

105.55

100.39

90.76

97.15

107.28

105.00

205.22

EUR/USD

107.00

104.72

99.07

96.15

112.88

109.83

189.32

GBP/USD

101.47

99.89

91.75

94.55

111.26

108.55

176.72

JPY/USD

105.74

102.77

97.26

98.20

104.73

104.89

170.47

Crude oil prices

122.45

127.00

110.84

112.93

137.48

133.27

228.33

Natural gas prices

125.05

125.66

113.85

115.02

130.65

131.55

220.85

Coal prices

51.96

53.04

51.33

52.07

62.35

60.96

81.55