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Financial Innovation

Table 4 Pre-analysis tests

From: Bank efficiency in Middle East and North African countries: Does political connection type matter?

 

Granger causality test (f-statistics)

Stationarity tests

CE

TE

AE

Levin, Lim and Chu test

Im, Pesaran, and Shin test

Augmented Dickey–Fuller test

CE

   

12.20***

3.57***

80.93***

TE

   

10.62***

3.80***

74.03***

AE

   

17.62***

6.14***

60.88***

A_PC

3.01***

2.05**

2.33**

15.50***

7.36***

76.83***

CEO_PC

2.59***

2.20**

1.88*

9.35***

8.51***

54.56***

BD_PC

2.22**

1.89*

1.61

18.86***

3.48***

79.04***

SIZE

2.34**

1.99**

1.79*

13.97***

5.54***

68.85***

CAR

2.63***

2.24**

2.01*

16.32***

4.57***

60.38***

CRD_RQ

1.98**

1.68*

1.51

18.47***

3.41***

77.42***

PROF

1.78*

1.97**

1.36

13.68***

5.42***

67.44***

BAN_CON

1.91*

1.82*

1.46

15.98***

4.47***

59.15***

DOM_CR

2.23**

2.03**

1.71*

11.03***

6.42***

74.15***

GDP_GR

2.47**

2.10**

1.89*

8.09***

5.51***

81.49***

INF

4.67***

3.97***

2.47**

9.07***

9.07***

93.89***

POL_RISK

3.54***

3.01***

2.31**

6.14***

8.40***

74.04***

WEPU

2.21**

1.03

1.65*

15.82***

7.44***

78.21***

  1. This table reports Granger causality and stationarity tests
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