Table 2 A summary of empirical studies on FD, EC, and TI–EQ nexus
Author/s | Period | Country | Method | Indicator/s | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EQ–FD nexus | |||||
Udeagha and Breitenbach (2023a) | 1960–2020 | South Africa | ARDL | CO2 | Positive |
Nwani and Omoke (2020) | 1971–2014 | Brazil | DARDL | CO2 | Negative |
Ibrahiem (2020) | 1971–2014 | Egypt | ARDL | CO2 | Positive |
Aluko and Obalade (2020) | 1985–2014 | 35 SSA | AMG | CO2 | Negative |
Acheampong (2019) | 2000–2015 | 46 African countries | Dynamic sys-GMM | CO2 | Positive |
Charfeddine and Kahia (2019) | 1980–2015 | MENA | PVAR | CO2 | Insignificant |
Salahuddin and Gow (2019) | 1980–2016 | Qatar | ARDL | EI, ANS | Insignificant |
EQ–EC nexus | |||||
1960–2020 | South Africa | ARDL | CO2 | Positive | |
Khan et al. (2020) | 1965–2015 | Pakistan | ARDL | CO2 | Positive |
Pata (2021) | 1980–2016 | USA | CCT | CO2, EFI | Positive |
Ozcan et al. (2020) | 2000–2014 | OECD | PVAM | EPI | Positive |
Destek and Sinha (2020) | 1980–2014 | OECD | FMOLS-MG | EFI | Positive |
EQ–TI nexus | |||||
1960–2020 | South Africa | ARDL | CO2 | Negative | |
Safi et al. (2022) | 1990–2018 | OECD | SDM | CO2 | Insignificant |
Wahab et al. (2022) | 1995–2018 | BRICS | SDM | CO2 | Positive |
Wahab et al. (2021) | 1996–2017 | G-7 | CS-ARDL | CO2 | Negative |
Adebayo et al. (2021) | 1990–2018 | Brazil | ARDL—DOLS | CO2 | Negative |
Ibrahim and Ajide (2021) | 1990–2018 | G-20 | AMG—CCEMG | CO2 | Negative |
Usman et al. (2020) | 1990–2017 | APEC | FGLS-AMG | EFI | Positive |
Yang et al. (2021a) | 1990–2016 | BICS | DSUR-FMOLS | EFI | Positive |
Chen and Lee (2020) | 1996–2018 | 96 countries | SEM | CO2 | Insignificant |
Samargandi (2017) | 1970–2014 | Saudi Arabia | ARDL | CO2 | Insignificant |