Table 1 An outline of empirical studies on economic growth-ED nexus
Author/s | Period | Country | Method | Indicator/s | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fakher et al. (2023) | 1994–2019 | OPEC | DSURE | EFI, ANS, PN, EVI | N-shaped |
Fakher et al. (2023) | 1994–2019 | OPEC | DSURE | EPI, ESI | Inverted N-shaped |
1960–2020 | South Africa | ARDL | CO2 | EKC | |
Chishti et al. (2023) | 1990–2017 | Pakistan | NARDL | CCO2e | Linear (Positive) |
Safi et al. (2022) | 1990–2018 | OECD | SDM | CO2 | Linear (Positive) |
Imran et al. (2023) | 1999–2018 | China | SEM | ICTIP | Linear (Positive) |
Wahab (2021) | 1990–2018 | G-7 | ARDL | CO2 | Linear (Positive) |
Hao et al. (2021) | 1991–2017 | G7 | CS-ARDL | CO2 | EKC |
Pata (2021) | 1980–2016 | USA | CCT | CO2, EFI | EKC |
Saud et al. (2020) | 1990–2014 | OBOR | PMG | EFI | Linear (Positive) |
Usman et al. (2020) | 1985–2014 | USA | ARDL | EFI | U-patterned |
Allard et al. (2018) | 1994–2012 | 74 countries | PQR | CO2 | N-shaped |
Destek and Sinha (2020) | 1980–2014 | OECD | FMOLS-MG | EFI | Inverted U-shaped |
Danish (2019) | 1992–2013 | BRICS | GMM | EFI | N-patterned |
Anwar et al. (2021) | 1991–2018 | ASEAN | MMQR | CO2 | EKC, Inverted N-shaped |
Rana and Sharma (2019) | 1982–2013 | India | ARDL | CO2 | Inverted N-shaped |
Godil et al. (2020) | 1986–2018 | Turkey | Quantile ARDL | EFI | U-shaped |