Table 5 The effect of local digital lending development on food and health deprivations; robustness test

Log of age

0.071***

0.087***

0.078***

0.093***

(0.012)

(0.009)

(0.014)

(0.010)

Female

− 0.019***

− 0.007

− 0.018***

− 0.007

(0.007)

(0.006)

(0.007)

(0.006)

At least secondary education

− 0.088***

− 0.077***

− 0.090***

− 0.077***

(0.008)

(0.009)

(0.008)

(0.008)

Log of household size

0.016**

0.021***

0.015**

0.018***

(0.006)

(0.006)

(0.007)

(0.006)

Wealth score

− 0.149***

− 0.149***

− 0.092***

− − 0.105***

(0.017)

(0.017)

(0.018)

(0.013)

Log of income

− 0.030***

− 0.025***

− 0.032***

− 0.026***

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.003)

(0.003)

Bank account

− 0.065***

− 0.063***

− 0.057***

− 0.056***

(0.011)

(0.013)

(0.010)

(0.012)

Formal loans

− 0.034**

− 0.020

− 0.028**

− 0.019*

(0.015)

(0.013)

(0.013)

(0.011)

Other loans

− 0.004

0.022

− 0.001

0.017

(0.020)

(0.020)

(0.014)

(0.017)

Informal loans

0.052***

0.063***

0.055***

0.065***

(0.010)

(0.011)

(0.009)

(0.010)

Rural

0.027**

0.018*

0.031***

0.018*

(0.011)

(0.010)

(0.012)

(0.010)

Local digital lending

− 0.433*

− 0.442**

(0.257)

(0.191)

Residual (θ_j)

0.069

0.082

(0.268)

(0.189)

\({\widehat{digital}}_{j}\)

− 0.503*

− 0.474*

(0.286)

(0.256)

Log of reported death

0.045

0.048*

0.051

0.050

(0.043)

(0.029)

(0.045)

(0.034)

Log total size

0.004

− 0.008

0.006

− 0.009

(0.011)

(0.011)

(0.015)

(0.015)

Log of extreme poverty

0.034

0.006

0.034

0.010

(0.027)

(0.020)

(0.031)

(0.025)

Log of GCP per capita

− 0.075

− 0.067

− 0.101

− 0.087

(0.070)

(0.046)

(0.078)

(0.055)

Constant

1.165

1.025

(0.972)

(0.712)

Regional variance (\(\sigma_{u}^{2}\))

0.085***

0.062***

0.010

0.008

(0.018)

(0.011)

(0.002)

(0.002)

Year dummy

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No. of observations

16,176

16,167

16,176

16,167

Number of regions

46

46

46

46