From: Local digital lending development and the incidence of deprivation in Kenya
 | (1) | (2) | (3) |
---|---|---|---|
 | Null model | Level 1 controls | Level 2 controls |
Log of age | Â | 0.087*** | 0.087*** |
 |  | (0.009) | (0.009) |
Female |  | − 0.007 | − 0.007 |
 |  | (0.006) | (0.006) |
At least secondary education |  | − 0.076*** | − 0.077*** |
 |  | (0.008) | (0.009) |
Log of household size | Â | 0.021*** | 0.021*** |
 |  | (0.006) | (0.006) |
Wealth score |  | − 0.149*** | − 0.149*** |
 |  | (0.017) | (0.017) |
Log of income |  | − 0.025*** | − 0.025*** |
 |  | (0.002) | (0.002) |
Bank account |  | − 0.063*** | − 0.063*** |
 |  | (0.013) | (0.013) |
Formal loans |  | − 0.020 | − 0.020 |
 |  | (0.013) | (0.013) |
Other loans | Â | 0.022 | 0.022 |
 |  | (0.020) | (0.020) |
Informal loans | Â | 0.063*** | 0.063*** |
 |  | (0.010) | (0.011) |
Rural | Â | 0.018* | 0.018* |
 |  | (0.010) | (0.010) |
Local digital lending |  | − 0.291*** | − 0.380*** |
 |  | (0.064) | (0.083) |
Log of reported death | Â | Â | 0.041** |
 |  |  | (0.019) |
Log of total size |  |  | − 0.006 |
 |  |  | (0.011) |
Log extreme poverty | Â | Â | 0.002 |
 |  |  | (0.018) |
Log GCP per capita |  |  | − 0.073* |
 |  |  | (0.042) |
Regional variance (\(\sigma_{u}^{2}\)) | 0.129*** | 0.078*** | 0.062*** |
 | (0.028) | (0.012) | (0.010) |
ICC | 0.114 | 0.072 | 0.059 |
Year dummy | No | Yes | Yes |
No. of observations | 17,300 | 16,167 | 16,167 |
Number of regions | 47 | 46 | 46 |