Table 9 Frequency-domain causality test
Direction of causality | Long-term | Medium-term | Short-term |
|---|---|---|---|
\({\upomega }_{\mathrm{i}=0.05}\) | \({\upomega }_{\mathrm{i}=1.50}\) | \({\upomega }_{\mathrm{i}=2.50}\) | |
InSE → InCO2 |  < 8.31 >  |  < 8.50 >  |  < 9.96 >  |
(0.02)** | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | |
InTE → InCO2 |  < 4.89 >  |  < 6.49 >  |  < 6.93 >  |
(0.07)* | (0.03)** | (0.04)** | |
InOPEN → InCO2 |  < 8.94 >  |  < 8.73 >  |  < 7.28 >  |
(0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.01)** | |
InEC → InCO2 |  < 5.12 >  |  < 6.49 >  |  < 6.73 >  |
(0.08)* | (0.04)** | (0.03)** | |
InFDI → InCO2 |  < 8.20 >  |  < 8.08 >  |  < 8.62 >  |
(0.01)** | (0.03)** | (0.00)*** | |
InTECH → InCO2 |  < 4.84 >  |  < 5.14 >  |  < 7.83 >  |
(0.06)* | (0.04)** | (0.02)** | |
InFISD → InCO2 |  < 4.20 >  |  < 6.71 >  |  < 6.01 >  |
(0.06)* | (0.05)** | (0.02)** | |
InIGDP → InCO2 |  < 5.46 >  |  < 8.82 >  |  < 8.89 >  |
(0.07)* | (0.00)** | (0.00)** |