Variable | Dickey-Fuller GLS | Phillips-Perron | Augmented Dickey-Fuller | Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin | Narayan and Pop (2010) Unit Root Test | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(DF-GLS) | (PP) | (ADF) | (KPSS) | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
Level | Test—Statistics value | Break-Year | ADF-stat | Break-Year | ADF-stat | |||
InCO2 | − 0.570 | − 0.464 | − 1.152 | 0.966 | 1982:1985 | − 3.132 | 1987:1994 | − 8.160*** |
InSE | − 0.116** | − 0.079 | − 1.308 | 0.833*** | 1979:1988 | − 2.914 | 1982:1990 | − 7.601*** |
InTE | − 0.112* | − 0.076 | − 1.268 | 0.848*** | 1979:1990 | − 1.939 | 1982:1994 | − 6.791*** |
InFISD | − 0.140** | − 0.067 | − 1.127 | 0.692*** | 1980:1991 | − 2.510 | 2007:2013 | − 7.153*** |
InTECH | − 0.254*** | − 0.284*** | − 2.999 | 0.255*** | 1995:2000 | − 4.318 | 2008:2011 | − 7.821*** |
InEC | − 0.011 | − 0.014 | − 0.366 | 1.300*** | 1982:1989 | − 4.372** | 1985:1991 | − 8.521*** |
InFDI | − 0.032* | − 0.001 | − 0.012 | 0.640 | 2001:2006 | − 2.021 | 2004:2010 | − 8.362*** |
InOPEN | − 0.072 | − 0.082 | − 1.335 | 1.080* | 1996:2001 | − 3.053 | 2003:2009 | − 7.318*** |
InIGDP | − 0.046 | − 0.071* | − 1.718 | 1.060** | 1972:1985 | − 3.815 | 1982:1991 | − 7.521*** |
First difference | Critical value (1%, 5%, and 10%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\(\Delta\)InCO2 | − 0.995*** | − 0.996*** | − 7.176*** | 0.705*** | 1999:2005 | − 4.801** | 1980:1991 | − 5.832*** |
\(\Delta\)InSE | − 0.695*** | − 0.707*** | − 5.319*** | 0.585*** | 1983:1997 | − 5.831*** | 1985:1995 | − 6.831*** |
\(\Delta\)InTE | − 0.694*** | − 0.707*** | − 5.316*** | 0.589*** | 1991:2000 | − 8.531*** | 1987:1996 | − 5.893*** |
\(\Delta\)InFISD | − 0.183*** | − 0.485*** | − 7.814*** | 0.602*** | 1983:1999 | − 5.714*** | 1982:2006 | − 5.517*** |
\(\Delta\)InTECH | − 1.023*** | − 1.034*** | − 7.473*** | 0.424*** | 1999:2003 | − 4.841** | 2006:2010 | − 5.983*** |
\(\Delta\)InEC | − 1.105*** | − 1.121*** | − 8.142*** | 0.586*** | 1985:1993 | − 5.921*** | 1989:1997 | − 7.942*** |
\(\Delta\)InFDI | − 0.207** | − 0.209** | − 6.443*** | 0.609*** | 2005:2008 | − 6.831*** | 2001:2008 | − 6.973*** |
\(\Delta\)InOPEN | − 0.935*** | − 0.938*** | − 6.699*** | 0.626*** | 1996:2004 | − 6.842** | 2001:2007 | − 8.942*** |
\(\Delta\)InIGDP | − 0.799*** | − 0.801*** | − 5.878*** | 0.431*** | 1975:1990 | − 7.742*** | 1988:1992 | − 7.892*** |