Variables | Mean | Median | Maximum | Minimum | Std. Dev | Skewness | Kurtosis | J-B Stat | Probability |
|---|
CO2b | 0.264 | 0.238 | 0.477 | 0.084 | 0.120 | 0.217 | 1.652 | 4.682 | 0.196 |
SEc | 7.706 | 7.959 | 8.984 | 6.073 | 0.843 | -0.511 | 2.156 | 4.102 | 0.129 |
TEd | 60.316 | 63.754 | 80.717 | 36.880 | 12.663 | -0.387 | 2.082 | 3.422 | 0.181 |
FISDe | 8.405 | 7.851 | 9.604 | 4.801 | 0.183 | -0.418 | 1.401 | 3.154 | 0.101 |
TECHf | 9.360 | 9.255 | 10.545 | 8.210 | 0.766 | 0.082 | 1.634 | 4.499 | 0.105 |
ECg | 4.220 | 4.422 | 4.840 | 3.177 | 0.527 | -0.558 | 1.921 | 5.621 | 0.160 |
FDIh | 13.203 | 13.286 | 14.659 | 11.913 | 0.738 | 0.056 | 2.463 | 0.702 | 0.704 |
IGDPi | 3.513 | 3.580 | 3.813 | 3.258 | 0.161 | -0.215 | 1.697 | 4.474 | 0.107 |
OPENj | 6.060 | 6.512 | 7.665 | 2.745 | 1.329 | 0.636 | 2.077 | 5.757 | 0.156 |
- aData source: the data was collected from World Development Indicators (see Table 2 for more details)
- bThe unit of CO2 emissions was kg per 2015 US$ of GDP
- cSE: scale effect denoting real GDP per capita, the unit of SE was current US$
- dTE: technique effect capturing the square of real GDP per capita, the unit of TE was current US$
- eFISD: Fiscal decentralization, the ratio of own revenues/expenditures to general government revenues/expenditures is used to generate an index using principal component analysis (PCA)
- fTECH: technological innovation, the unit of TECH was in % of GDP
- gEC: energy consumption, the unit of EC was kg of oil equivalent per capita
- hFDI: foreign direct investment, the unit of FDI was in % of GDP
- iIGDP: Industry, value added, the unit of IGDP was in % of GDP
- jOPEN: trade openness, the unit of OPEN was in % of GDP
