From: Tax avoidance and earnings management: a neural network approach for the largest European economies
 | GAAP_ETR | CASH_ETR | BTD | ACCRUALS | SIZE | LEV | CAPINT | INVINT | ROA | STR | Growth |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 0.29649 | 0.27428 | 0.00095 | 3.48288 | 5.90778 | 0.56070 | 0.22430 | 0.11384 | 0.06768 | 0.29316 | 0.82652 |
Standard deviation (SD) | 0.14572 | 0.17031 | 0.02574 | 8.95128 | 2.26098 | 0.23387 | 0.21071 | 0.12900 | 0.12553 | 0.04193 | 2.22378 |
Minimum | 0.00006 | 0.00007 | −0.38997 | 0.00021 | −0.24590 | 0.00000 | 0.00000 | 0.00000 | −2.97155 | 0.20000 | −5.61886 |
Maximum | 1.00000 | 1.00000 | 0.66161 | 722.3023 | 12.85301 | 6.49556 | 0.96647 | 0.93966 | 2.76334 | 0.38360 | 4.07993 |
Country/sector | Observations | GAAP_ETR | CASH_ETR | BTD | ACCRUALS | SIZE | LEV | CAPINT | INVINT | ROA | STR | Growth | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
France | 3,118 | 0.319 | 0.131 | 0.315 | 0.161 | 0.000 | 0.020 | 2.853 | 13.308 | 6.066 | 2.305 | 0.582 | 0.233 | 0.180 | 0.178 | 0.112 | 0.125 | 0.061 | 0.097 | 0.333 | 0.000 | 0.714 | 1.488 |
Germany | 3,093 | 0.306 | 0.158 | 0.274 | 0.168 | 0.001 | 0.030 | 3.402 | 5.152 | 5.719 | 2.313 | 0.537 | 0.231 | 0.220 | 0.191 | 0.133 | 0.121 | 0.064 | 0.117 | 0.304 | 0.027 | 1.232 | 2.720 |
Italy | 1,276 | 0.397 | 0.159 | 0.379 | 0.187 | 0.005 | 0.017 | 3.042 | 6.645 | 6.280 | 1.994 | 0.615 | 0.191 | 0.229 | 0.191 | 0.118 | 0.117 | 0.051 | 0.085 | 0.320 | 0.017 | −0.699 | 2.170 |
Spain | 619 | 0.263 | 0.132 | 0.256 | 0.158 | −0.001 | 0.018 | 2.925 | 3.121 | 7.050 | 2.247 | 0.615 | 0.189 | 0.296 | 0.218 | 0.104 | 0.114 | 0.056 | 0.098 | 0.300 | 0.010 | 0.022 | 2.444 |
United Kingdom | 5,045 | 0.255 | 0.128 | 0.242 | 0.163 | 0.001 | 0.028 | 4.102 | 8.372 | 5.691 | 2.205 | 0.542 | 0.246 | 0.245 | 0.238 | 0.104 | 0.139 | 0.080 | 0.153 | 0.254 | 0.035 | 1.133 | 2.049 |
Energy | 448 | 0.331 | 0.176 | 0.287 | 0.205 | 0.004 | 0.023 | 3.641 | 4.517 | 7.043 | 2.358 | 0.519 | 0.194 | 0.421 | 0.261 | 0.066 | 0.086 | 0.062 | 0.112 | 0.284 | 0.044 | 0.745 | 2.155 |
Materials | 1,015 | 0.305 | 0.145 | 0.290 | 0.174 | 0.003 | 0.024 | 3.724 | 5.243 | 6.672 | 2.021 | 0.496 | 0.192 | 0.402 | 0.177 | 0.142 | 0.097 | 0.071 | 0.147 | 0.288 | 0.042 | 0.834 | 2.226 |
Industrials | 3,639 | 0.297 | 0.139 | 0.272 | 0.168 | 0.002 | 0.020 | 3.035 | 6.756 | 5.991 | 2.137 | 0.610 | 0.203 | 0.189 | 0.167 | 0.112 | 0.117 | 0.061 | 0.108 | 0.290 | 0.042 | 0.858 | 2.235 |
Consumer Discretionary | 3,198 | 0.296 | 0.152 | 0.278 | 0.166 | 0.001 | 0.028 | 3.559 | 5.141 | 5.880 | 2.194 | 0.582 | 0.286 | 0.226 | 0.223 | 0.151 | 0.168 | 0.069 | 0.121 | 0.293 | 0.042 | 0.808 | 2.192 |
Consumer Staples | 985 | 0.290 | 0.121 | 0.277 | 0.140 | 0.000 | 0.012 | 2.318 | 2.333 | 6.453 | 2.269 | 0.563 | 0.184 | 0.306 | 0.205 | 0.157 | 0.120 | 0.066 | 0.067 | 0.294 | 0.042 | 0.806 | 2.154 |
Health Care | 847 | 0.285 | 0.136 | 0.276 | 0.176 | −0.003 | 0.023 | 3.375 | 4.737 | 5.788 | 2.194 | 0.472 | 0.201 | 0.172 | 0.156 | 0.095 | 0.082 | 0.084 | 0.104 | 0.295 | 0.041 | 0.847 | 2.286 |
Information Technology | 2,254 | 0.292 | 0.149 | 0.260 | 0.178 | 0.000 | 0.035 | 4.370 | 9.632 | 4.525 | 1.572 | 0.492 | 0.233 | 0.088 | 0.104 | 0.076 | 0.099 | 0.081 | 0.173 | 0.299 | 0.040 | 0.891 | 2.230 |
Telecommunication Services | 193 | 0.317 | 0.194 | 0.238 | 0.182 | 0.002 | 0.048 | 3.087 | 4.283 | 7.169 | 3.177 | 0.631 | 0.182 | 0.234 | 0.188 | 0.009 | 0.010 | 0.043 | 0.160 | 0.297 | 0.039 | 0.646 | 2.241 |
Utilities | 483 | 0.301 | 0.152 | 0.290 | 0.175 | −0.001 | 0.010 | 2.470 | 2.193 | 8.175 | 2.415 | 0.674 | 0.157 | 0.471 | 0.210 | 0.029 | 0.047 | 0.045 | 0.050 | 0.301 | 0.035 | 0.508 | 2.375 |
Real Estate | 56 | 0.273 | 0.164 | 0.238 | 0.172 | −0.001 | 0.024 | 15.530 | 96.194 | 5.027 | 1.414 | 0.538 | 0.205 | 0.432 | 0.405 | 0.202 | 0.291 | 0.022 | 0.082 | 0.287 | 0.044 | 1.051 | 2.225 |
Not declared | 33 | 0.238 | 0.129 | 0.270 | 0.167 | 0.012 | 0.050 | 9.629 | 11.375 | 2.683 | 1.098 | 0.498 | 0.322 | 0.067 | 0.103 | 0.070 | 0.104 | −0.008 | 0.235 | 0.271 | 0.039 | 1.029 | 2.360 |