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Table 7 Long-run and strong causality

From: Asymmetric nexus between commercial policies and consumption-based carbon emissions: new evidence from Pakistan

Dependent variable

Independent variables

Long-run

Strong

ECM

∆CCO2 and ECM

∆ECP and ECM

∆CCP and ECM

∆EXP and ECM

∆REC and ECM

∆GDP and ECM

\(\Delta CCO2\)

7.54***

–

7.14***

4.50**

6.34***

4.15**

8.65***

\(\Delta ECP\)

5.14**

0.845

–

–

–

–

–

\(\Delta CCP\)

6.95***

1.734

–

–

–

–

–

\(\Delta EXP\)

4.75**

2.045

–

–

–

–

–

\(\Delta REC\)

8.44***

8.843***

–

–

–

–

–

\(\Delta GDP\)

9.32***

3.84*

–

–

–

–

–

  1. ***, ** and * signify the significance level at 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively