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Table 3 Evaluation of data quality.

From: The nature and sources of international variation in formal institutions related to initial coin offerings: preliminary findings and a research agenda

Criterion

Explanation

Example

Time elapsed between events and reporting

Most newspaper articles were published the same day or the next day of the key policy-related event (e.g., the new legislation signed into law, the new policy approved, etc.)

A statement released on November 14, 2017 by the MAS regarding circumstances under which crypto-tokens could be considered to be securities according to Securities and Futures Act (SFA) and the Financial Advisers Act was published the next day (Sundararajan 2017)

Openness to corrections

Corrections are incorporated in many outlets we used

Washingtonpost’s corrections are stated after: “Correction to this article”

Range of knowledge and expertise of the person reporting the events

We used articles written by knowledgeable reporters/journalists

We cited one article by coindesk.com reporter Sundararajan (2017) but she wrote hundreds of articles about blockchain/cryptocurrency

The sources and authors respected by their peers: WSJ’s MoneyBeat (Vigna 2014) cited news from Coindesk, newsbtc and others cited Brave New Coin, Ripple Insights has been covered by newsbtc and other established sources

Corroboration from multiple sources

Data and information were triangulated from multiple sources. We also visited the original source as suggested by Joselyn (1977)

Original sources allowed to make updates and corrections: Zagone (2017) reported that Mark Carney was the Chair of the FSB but updated information on the FSB website (https://www.fsb.org/profile/mark-carney/) stated that that was no longer the case