Skip to main content

Table 7 Total external debt to GDP (annual changes), %

From: Analysis of financial development and open innovation oriented fintech potential for emerging economies using an integrated decision-making approach of MF-X-DMA and golden cut bipolar q-ROFSs

Country

Mexico

Turkey

China

Russia

Brazil

Indonesia

India

2003

0.04

 − 0.16

 − 0.04

 − 0.03

 − 0.07

 − 0.13

 − 0.07

2004

 − 0.06

 − 0.22

0.01

 − 0.25

 − 0.16

 − 0.08

 − 0.14

2005

 − 0.06

 − 0.11

 − 0.11

 − 0.10

 − 0.29

 − 0.10

0.02

2006

 − 0.09

0.06

 − 0.02

 − 0.04

 − 0.28

 − 0.23

 − 0.09

2007

 − 0.06

 − 0.07

 − 0.10

 − 0.01

 − 0.07

 − 0.16

 − 0.03

2008

0.07

0.15

 − 0.09

0.06

 − 0.01

 − 0.04

0.22

2009

0.18

0.15

 − 0.32

0.32

0.17

0.07

0.12

2010

0.10

 − 0.06

0.29

 − 0.15

0.04

 − 0.10

 − 0.06

2011

0.03

 − 0.03

0.03

 − 0.12

 − 0.04

 − 0.06

 − 0.01

2012

0.20

0.06

0.09

0.10

0.17

0.09

0.15

2013

0.08

0.04

 − 0.13

0.10

0.09

0.06

0.05

2014

0.05

0.05

0.23

 − 0.09

0.15

0.13

0.00

2015

0.10

0.05

0.34

0.31

0.26

0.10

0.00

2016

0.08

0.00

0.00

0.05

0.02

 − 0.05

 − 0.11

2017

 − 0.02

0.12

0.13

 − 0.17

 − 0.13

0.01

 − 0.02

2018

 − 0.03

0.03

0.00

 − 0.16

0.07

0.04

 − 0.05

2019

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.06

0.04

0.00

0.04

  1. Sources Oxford Economics (2022), author’s calculations