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Table 6 Loans From foreign banks to household and non-financial corporations to GDP (annual changes), %

From: Analysis of financial development and open innovation oriented fintech potential for emerging economies using an integrated decision-making approach of MF-X-DMA and golden cut bipolar q-ROFSs

Country

Mexico

Turkey

China

Russia

Brazil

Indonesia

India

2003

0.06

 − 0.34

 − 0.02

 − 0.08

 − 0.06

0.15

 − 0.01

2004

 − 0.13

 − 0.19

 − 0.03

0.12

 − 0.22

0.22

0.12

2005

 − 0.13

 − 0.23

0.04

0.13

 − 0.26

0.34

 − 0.07

2006

0.00

0.12

0.16

 − 0.22

0.10

 − 0.31

0.36

2007

 − 0.06

 − 0.03

0.07

0.17

 − 0.16

0.60

0.16

2008

 − 0.06

0.03

 − 0.12

 − 0.11

0.04

 − 0.05

0.19

2009

0.26

0.07

 − 0.19

0.32

0.04

 − 0.21

 − 0.02

2010

0.08

 − 0.07

 − 0.26

0.36

0.01

 − 0.35

0.08

2011

0.05

 − 0.10

 − 0.19

0.43

0.10

 − 0.04

0.03

2012

0.35

 − 0.15

 − 0.14

0.25

0.06

 − 0.08

0.22

2013

0.08

 − 0.08

 − 0.11

0.48

0.17

0.33

 − 0.07

2014

0.08

0.13

 − 0.06

0.28

0.01

 − 0.23

 − 0.14

2015

0.27

0.20

 − 0.02

0.32

0.48

0.04

 − 0.02

2016

0.00

 − 0.03

0.03

 − 0.04

 − 0.18

 − 0.24

 − 0.17

2017

 − 0.01

 − 0.01

 − 0.05

 − 0.07

 − 0.18

 − 0.02

 − 0.13

2018

 − 0.01

0.16

 − 0.14

 − 0.06

0.04

 − 0.09

 − 0.04

2019

 − 0.01

0.00

 − 0.12

0.09

0.02

 − 0.03

0.12

  1. Sources Oxford Economics (2022), author’s calculations