Variables | Definitions |
---|---|
1. Dependent Variable: | |
  Corporate Reputation (REP) | Firm age = Number of completed financial years since the company was incorporated (Sahudin et al., 2011; Padron et al., 2005; Datta et al., 1999) |
  Firm Performance (CFP) | Firm performance has been quantified by ROA, a widely accepted, accounting-based performance measure (Saidu, 2019; Kaur & Singh, 2018a; Weng & Chen, 2017; Veprauskaite & Adams, 2013; Bhagat & Bolton, 2008; Tosi et al., 2004). Mathematically, consistent with Pandey (2015), Amran et al. (2014), Veprauskaite & Adams (2013), Gibson (2013), ROA is computed as follows: ROA = \(\frac{\mathrm{Net income before Interest and Taxes during period t }}{\mathrm{Total assets at the end of period t}}\) |
  Corporate Sustainable Growth (CSG) | Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) = Profit margin x Retention rate x Asset Turnover Ratio x Asset to Equity (Higgins, R.C., 2013, p. 126) |
2. Independent Variable(s): | |
  CEO Attributes - | |
  CEO Gender (CGEN) | Coded ‘1’, if the CEO is a female and coded ‘0’, otherwise (Kaur & Singh, 2018a) |
  CEO Age (CAGE) | Age of CEO at period t (Kokeno & Muturi, 2016) |
  CEO Education (CEDU) | Coded ‘1’, if the CEO possesses a Postgraduate degree or Professional degree or PhD or any other equivalent degree and ‘0’ otherwise (Saidu, 2019; Kaur & Singh, 2018a; Singla, 2016; Darmadi, 2013; Ujunwa, 2012) |
  CEO Duality (CDUA) | Coded ‘1’, if the examined individual acts simultaneously as the CEO and the board’s chairman at period t and coded ‘0’, otherwise (Mukherjee & Sen, 2019b; Kaur & Singh, 2018a; Singla, 2016) |
  CEO Remuneration (CREM) | Natural log of CEO’s total annual compensation at period t |
  CEO Tenure (CTEN) | Coded ‘1’, if the examined individual had served the company for more than 5 years as CEO and coded ‘0’, otherwise (Harymawan et al., 2019) |
  CEO Nationality (CNAT) | Coded ‘1’, if the CEO is from a foreign nation and coded ‘0’, otherwise (Kaur & Singh, 2018a) |
  CEO Busyness (CBUS) | Coded ‘1’, if the CEO holds more than one directorship at a time and coded ‘0’, otherwise (Fich & Shivdasani, 2006; Ferris et al., 2003; Core et al., 1999) |
3. Control Variable(s): | |
  Leverage (LEV) | Total debt to total equity (Saidu, 2019; Mukherjee & Sen, 2019b) |
  Firm Size (FS) | Natural log of firm’s total assets at period t (Harymawan et al., 2019; Saidu, 2019; Mukherjee & Sen, 2019b; Kaur & Singh, 2018a; Weng & Chen, 2017) |
  Tangibility (TAN) | Tangible assets to total assets ratio (Arilyn & Beny, 2019) |
  Productivity (PROD) | Sales to Total Assets Ratio (Basuki & Kusumawardhani, 2012) |