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Table 2 Variable definitions.

From: Impact of CEO attributes on corporate reputation, financial performance, and corporate sustainable growth: evidence from India

Variables

Definitions

1. Dependent Variable:

  Corporate Reputation (REP)

Firm age = Number of completed financial years since the company was incorporated (Sahudin et al., 2011; Padron et al., 2005; Datta et al., 1999)

  Firm Performance (CFP)

Firm performance has been quantified by ROA, a widely accepted, accounting-based performance measure (Saidu, 2019; Kaur & Singh, 2018a; Weng & Chen, 2017; Veprauskaite & Adams, 2013; Bhagat & Bolton, 2008; Tosi et al., 2004). Mathematically, consistent with Pandey (2015), Amran et al. (2014), Veprauskaite & Adams (2013), Gibson (2013), ROA is computed as follows:

ROA = \(\frac{\mathrm{Net income before Interest and Taxes during period t }}{\mathrm{Total assets at the end of period t}}\)

  Corporate Sustainable Growth (CSG)

Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) = Profit margin x Retention rate x Asset Turnover Ratio x Asset to Equity (Higgins, R.C., 2013, p. 126)

2. Independent Variable(s):

  CEO Attributes -

  CEO Gender (CGEN)

Coded ‘1’, if the CEO is a female and coded ‘0’, otherwise (Kaur & Singh, 2018a)

  CEO Age (CAGE)

Age of CEO at period t (Kokeno & Muturi, 2016)

  CEO Education (CEDU)

Coded ‘1’, if the CEO possesses a Postgraduate degree or Professional degree or PhD or any other equivalent degree and ‘0’ otherwise (Saidu, 2019; Kaur & Singh, 2018a; Singla, 2016; Darmadi, 2013; Ujunwa, 2012)

  CEO Duality (CDUA)

Coded ‘1’, if the examined individual acts simultaneously as the CEO and the board’s chairman at period t and coded ‘0’, otherwise (Mukherjee & Sen, 2019b; Kaur & Singh, 2018a; Singla, 2016)

  CEO Remuneration (CREM)

Natural log of CEO’s total annual compensation at period t

  CEO Tenure (CTEN)

Coded ‘1’, if the examined individual had served the company for more than 5 years as CEO and coded ‘0’, otherwise (Harymawan et al., 2019)

  CEO Nationality (CNAT)

Coded ‘1’, if the CEO is from a foreign nation and coded ‘0’, otherwise (Kaur & Singh, 2018a)

  CEO Busyness (CBUS)

Coded ‘1’, if the CEO holds more than one directorship at a time and coded ‘0’, otherwise (Fich & Shivdasani, 2006; Ferris et al., 2003; Core et al., 1999)

3. Control Variable(s):

  Leverage (LEV)

Total debt to total equity (Saidu, 2019; Mukherjee & Sen, 2019b)

  Firm Size (FS)

Natural log of firm’s total assets at period t (Harymawan et al., 2019; Saidu, 2019; Mukherjee & Sen, 2019b; Kaur & Singh, 2018a; Weng & Chen, 2017)

  Tangibility (TAN)

Tangible assets to total assets ratio (Arilyn & Beny, 2019)

  Productivity (PROD)

Sales to Total Assets Ratio (Basuki & Kusumawardhani, 2012)