Table 2 Testing for media bias by outlet (Eq. 1) (OLS estimates with year fixed effects)
From: Apples, oranges and lemons: public sector debt statistics in the 21st century
Media outlet | National debt | Government debt | Public debt | Public net debt | Country debt | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bn £ | % GDP | Bn £ | % GDP | Bn £ | % GDP | Bn £ | % GDP | Bn £ | |
The Daily Telegraph | − 271.65 (179.05) | 0.64 (4.35) | 238.43 (228.09) | 6.15 (9.44) | 181.31 (423.07) | Baseline | −6.40 (320.66) | Baseline | 49.11 (53.51) |
Daily Mail | − 245.80 (180.65) | − 0.41 (2.88) | 173.13 (234.99) | 1.35 (9.56) | 105.15 (418.92) | −4.15 (4.14) | 721.08 (532.77) | −0.41 (2.73) | 85.70 (42.00) |
The Times | − 173.01 (207.76) | −1.86 (2.83) | 173.69 (234.21) | 1.19 (9.95) | 142.34 (429.57) | −6.64 (3.95) | − 191.26 (440.25) | 4.33 (1.97) | n/a |
The Express | −188.78 (187.66) | −2.98 (3.83) | 379.71 (258.58) | −8.64 (9.81) | 115.44 (424.72) | −25.90 (3.25) | 182.97 (346.69) | −1.57 (1.93) | 45.80 (49.80) |
The Independent | − 231.00 (180.53) | −3.04 (2.90) | 48.40 (255.19) | 9.78 (15.89) | 252.33 (436.25) | −2.91 (3.24) | −191.90 (368.19) | −0.03 (1.65) | 270.72 (165.66) |
The Guardian | − 354.60* (203.03) | −4.31 (3.15) | 16.95 (261.50) | −2.06 (9.90) | 196.28 (427.19) | −2.78 (3.56) | − 399.98 (427.30) | 0.13 (2.86) | 17.09 (37.61) |
Daily Mirror | −273.07 (183.68) | −2.63 (4.25) | 206.45 (236.32) | 16.2 (11.84) | 238.34 (435.08) | 11.28 (6.99) | 328.15 (364.40) | 1.80 (1.58) | 66.44 (47.79) |
The Sun | −273.79 (184.79) | −0.65 (3.23) | 234.94 (230.75) | −1.50 (10.35) | 214.55 (421.82) | −3.92 (5.92) | n/a | n/a | 276.44 (169.43) |
Obs | 1219 | 439 | 157 | 133 | 125 | 123 | 97 | 77 | 52 |
F-testa | 0.78 | 0.58 | 1.18 | 0.91 | 0.84 | 1.58 | 0.76 | 2.38 | 1.41 |
R2 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.62 | 0.21 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.31 | 0.93 | 0.92 |