Table 2 Full Sample Bootstrap Granger Causality Test Results
From: Income inequality and financial crises: evidence from the bootstrap rolling window
Countries | Null Hypothesis | MWALD | VAR(p + dmax) | Critical Values | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1% | 5% | 10% | ||||
Australia | INE ⇏ CRE | 4.140a | 2 | 9.653 | 4.184 | 3.431 |
CRE ⇏ INE | 0.484 | 2 | 6.132 | 3.856 | 2.577 | |
Canada | INE ⇏ CRE | 9.532c | 3 | 7.594 | 5.184 | 4.120 |
CRE ⇏ INE | 0.005 | 3 | 14.635 | 6.833 | 4.912 | |
Denmark | INE ⇏ CRE | 2.281 | 3 | 14.009 | 9.438 | 5.763 |
CRE ⇏ INE | 7.095b | 3 | 9.594 | 6.426 | 4.926 | |
Finland | INE ⇏ CRE | 3.865 | 3 | 10.678 | 6.576 | 4.571 |
CRE ⇏ INE | 0.159 | 3 | 12.608 | 6.596 | 5.622 | |
France | INE ⇏ CRE | 0.391 | 2 | 10.039 | 5.011 | 3.078 |
CRE ⇏ INE | 0.250 | 2 | 5.554 | 3.361 | 2.503 | |
UK | INE ⇏ CRE | 1.102 | 3 | 8.151 | 6.834 | 4.899 |
CRE ⇏ INE | 5.777a | 3 | 10.261 | 7.126 | 5.345 | |
Japan | INE ⇏ CRE | 17.209b | 4 | 39.079 | 9.147 | 6.240 |
CRE ⇏ INE | 10.059b | 4 | 34.325 | 9.752 | 7.645 | |
Norway | INE ⇏ CRE | 0.108 | 2 | 8.497 | 4.236 | 3.010 |
CRE ⇏ INE | 0.428 | 2 | 5.788 | 3.852 | 2.661 | |
Sweden | INE ⇏ CRE | 6.355b | 3 | 8.122 | 5.507 | 4.239 |
CRE ⇏ INE | 3.939 | 3 | 11.925 | 7.378 | 4.992 | |
US | INE ⇏ CRE | 8.592b | 3 | 10.080 | 5.103 | 4.340 |
CRE ⇏ INE | 0.483 | 3 | 9.451 | 6.420 | 5.404 | |