Elitist-opposition-based artificial electric field algorithm for higher-order neural network optimization and financial time series forecasting

Financial Innovation

Table 8 MAPE statistics from three energy price series

FTS	Forecast	Minimum	Average	Maximum	Median	Standard deviation	Inter-quartile range
Crude oil prices	EOAEFA-FLN	0.000000	0.003688	0.044976	0.002342	0.004777	0.003355
	EOAEFA-PSNN	0.000000	0.003853	0.046976	0.002407	0.004996	0.003720
	AEFA-FLN	0.000000	0.006461	0.047155	0.005936	0.004607	0.003972
	AEFA-PSNN	0.000101	0.005710	0.046155	0.005138	0.004589	0.003730
	GA-FLN	0.000000	0.010191	0.054976	0.00934	0.005428	0.004427
	GA-PSNN	0.000871	0.044159	0.086155	0.044712	0.006013	0.004418
	BPNN	0.039024	0.084156	0.126155	0.084712	0.006035	0.004418
Natural gas prices	EOAEFA-FLN	0.000000	0.004725	0.065124	0.002572	0.006203	0.004331
	EOAEFA-PSNN	0.000000	0.005063	0.063124	0.003224	0.006111	0.004232
	AEFA-FLN	0.000000	0.007178	0.070124	0.005692	0.006219	0.005276
	AEFA-PSNN	0.000000	0.006433	0.069124	0.004875	0.006240	0.005346
	GA-FLN	0.003545	0.048444	0.113124	0.048201	0.007784	0.005545
	GA-PSNN	0.000455	0.044446	0.109124	0.044201	0.007776	0.005545
	BPNN	0.074545	0.119444	0.184124	0.119201	0.007784	0.005545
Coal prices	EOAEFA-FLN	0.001084	0.039972	0.197986	0.029520	0.041234	0.035597
	EOAEFA-PSNN	0.000151	0.039996	0.199986	0.030145	0.041718	0.034200
	AEFA-FLN	0.000921	0.040375	0.192986	0.028972	0.039968	0.038383
	AEFA-PSNN	0.000000	0.040254	0.193986	0.028706	0.040216	0.037691
	GA-FLN	0.000000	0.058543	0.149986	0.055251	0.035653	0.054641
	GA-PSNN	0.004082	0.056043	0.153986	0.052871	0.035553	0.053740
	BPNN	0.006337	0.085733	0.173161	0.085697	0.037852	0.055759