From: Tone of language, financial disclosure, and earnings management: a textual analysis of form 20-F
Variables | Positive | Negative | Uncertainty | Litigious | Strongml | Moderml | Weakml | Irrverb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent variables: Sentiment words | ||||||||
LNSIZE | 3.69 | 3.59 | 3.65 | 3.58 | 3.73 | 3.84 | 3.70 | 3.61 |
CF | 2.64 | 2.63 | 2.64 | 2.64 | 2.63 | 2.63 | 2.64 | 2.63 |
ROA | 2.54 | 2.52 | 2.53 | 2.53 | 2.53 | 2.53 | 2.53 | 2.51 |
FN | 2.06 | 2.03 | 2.07 | 2.03 | 2.28 | 2.16 | 2.01 | 2.35 |
CH | 1.93 | 2.01 | 1.94 | 2.02 | 1.95 | 1.92 | 1.94 | 1.97 |
LP | 1.64 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 1.65 | 1.65 |
LEV | 1.51 | 1.52 | 1.53 | 1.52 | 1.51 | 1.52 | 1.52 | 1.52 |
BIG4 | 1.48 | 1.50 | 1.48 | 1.50 | 1.49 | 1.48 | 1.48 | 1.50 |
Sentiment words | 1.14 | 1.19 | 1.15 | 1.18 | 1.21 | 1.23 | 1.21 | 1.28 |
REV | 1.13 | 1.14 | 1.12 | 1.16 | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.14 |
AOT | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.06 |
Mean VIF | 1.89 | 1.89 | 1.89 | 1.89 | 1.92 | 1.92 | 1.90 | 1.93 |